Magic is a mainstay in the fantasy genre of manga and anime, just as it is in Western stories. Less commonly, however, does a series revolve entirely around magic as a concept, taking the time to build a unique lore around it. Yuki Tabata's Black Clover and Hiro Mashima's Fairy Tail stand out in their all-encompassing exploration of magic, and having mages make up their main cast entirely.
The two series have a great deal in common, and thus understandably there is a healthy amount of debate about how they compare. When it comes to the nature of magic, however, Black Clover is the clear winner. This is not to say that Black Clover is the better series overall; its markedly less compelling villains and the divisive reaction to its protagonist Asta (especially his voice) are evidence to the contrary. But where magic is concerned, Tabata has created a more dynamic and importantly, sustainable, system.
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Mashima and Tabata's approaches to magic are similar more often than they are different, and a proper comparison must first address this truth. In fact, it may be more accurate to say that Tabata took what worked about Mashima's concept of magic and codified it further. The primary difference between the two series' concepts of magic is in two key areas: how magic is learned, and the extent to which a type of magic is attached to its user.
It's implied that much of the magic in Fairy Tailis that it can ostensibly be learned by anyone with enough magic power. Lucy, Gray, and all the Dragon Slayers in the series are known to have learned their respective magic, or at least the root of it, from other users of that same magic. On one hand, the transferability of magic in Fairy Tail
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