Until about the 18th century, we only knew about the existence of six planets in our solar system. Anything beyond Saturn was too far to be seen with the unaided eye or a basic telescope. Uranus was later discovered in 1781 and later in 1846 Neptune was also found. But there was one oddity in the discovery of Neptune. Unlike other planets, it wasn't discovered through observation. Rather, scientists estimated that Neptune must exist based on mathematical calculations of its predicted position due to observed perturbations in the orbit of the planet Uranus. And today, the same math is pointing towards the existence of a 9th planet, far beyond the orbit of Pluto. So, what is this Planet X and what do we know about it? Does it even exist or is the maths wrong?
The reason many scientists believed that Planet X or Planet Nine must exist is because of similar perturbations while observing Neptune or Pluto. In effect, this mysterious Planet X is believed to have been disturbing the orbits of other planets. To put it simply, planets in space should have a near enough circular orbit around a star, ideally. But due to other planets, their orbits get elongated as the planet gets pulled by the strong gravitational forces between them.
From Earth, when observing a planet with an elongated path, it would get faint and then brighten again suggesting that it is not moving in a perfect circle around the Sun. Of course, the Earth itself is moving and this is where a complex set of mathematical equations come in to further understand the orbital path of the planet. And this is what has led researchers in believing in the existence of another planet beyond Neptune.
According to a NASA blog post, "Caltech researchers have found mathematical
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