The games in the Fallout series are known for starting with the same declaration: "War... war never changes." The words were famously spoken by Ron Perlman (who has served as narrator for almost every game in the series thus far) and they allude to mankind's propensity for armed conflict through the ages.
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That propensity would hit a crescendo on the 23rd of October, 2077, in a two-hour conflict known as the Great War. Each Fallout game is set some specified amount of time after this Great War, a nuclear holocaust that left much of the world scarred and forced most of its survivors to live in underground vaults. And while we are yet to get any game set during or immediately before the war itself, we can still piece together the chain of events that led to the conflict through information shared in the various games.
Following the events of World War 2 (which had ended with the bombing of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), the scientists of the world saw other applications for nuclear technology outside of warfare. This would help them realize the "world of tomorrow," an idyllic future where nuclear fusion is used to power everything from automobiles to robots. But as the technology in this alternate timeline progressed, so also did the strain on its dwindling resources.
By 2052, available resources were fast approaching critical levels, with both America and China (the two largest superpowers) scrambling to secure as much of what was left as possible. In 2059, the U.S. establishes the Anchorage Front Line in Alaska, to help protect its oil reserves. But in 2066, Chinese forces would successfully invade the city, taking over those reserves.
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